Activity 3 – Exercise 1 – – Reading Lesson 1 : Locate answers to factual and negative factual questions
Focus: Locate answers to factual and negative factual questions
Preindustrial Societies
(1) A preindustrial society is one in which the primary means of survival comes from using, modifying, or tilling the land. (2) There are four kinds of preindustrial societies, listed here by degree of development of their technology: foraging or hunting-gathering societies, pastoral societies, horticultural societies, and agricultural societies.
(3) In foraging societies, technology enables the hunting of animals and gathering of vegetation. (4) The technology does not permit refrigeration or processing of food, and hence individuals must search continuously for plants and game.
(5) Since hunting and gathering are activities that require large amounts of land, most foraging societies are nomadic; that is, they constantly travel as they deplete the supply of plants, or they follow the migrations of animals. (6) The central institution is the family, which serves as the means of distributing food, training children, and protecting its members.
(7) Examples of foraging societies are certain Aborigines of Australia and the Baka people of Central Africa.
(8) In pastoral societies, technology is based on the domestication of animals. (9) Such societies tend to form in desert areas that are too arid to provide rich vegetation. (10) The pastoral societies are nomadic.
(11) They constantly need to search for fresh grazing grounds for their herds of domesticated animals. (12) The animals are used for labor and they create material surplus. (13) This surplus frees some individuals from the tasks of hunting and gathering, allowing them instead to create crafts, make pottery, cut hair, build tents, and apply tattoos. (14) The nomadic Bedouins of Africa and the Middle East are pastoral societies.
(15) In horticultural societies, hand tools such as the hoe and the digging stick, are used to cultivate the land. (16) The individuals in horticultural societies practice ancestor worship and conceive of a deity or deities as a creator. (17) This distinguishes them from foraging societies, which generally employ the notion of numerous spirits to explain the unknowable.
(18) Horticultural societies re-cultivate the land each year and tend to establish relatively permanent settlements and villages. (19) The Aztecs of Mexico and the Incas of Peru are examples of horticultural societies.(20) The agricultural society is exemplified by the pre-Civil War American South.
(21) Such societies have a large and complex economic system that is technologically based on large-scale farming using plows harnessed to animals or other sources of energy.(22)
Other technological items such as irrigation, use of the wheel, use of metals, and the ability to write, make such societies considerably advanced technologically.
(23) Farms tend to be much larger than in horticultural societies. (24) Large and permanent settlements characterize agricultural societies, which also exhibit dramatic social inequalities.
(25) A rigid caste system develops, separating the peasants and those of the lowest castes from the controlling elite caste, which is then freed from manual work allowing time for art, literature, and philosophy, activities that they can then claim the lower castes are incapable of accomplishing.
Read each question. Then use the question language to identify the part of the passage relevant to answer the question. Click on the box under the question and type in the correct sentence number.